Voiceless velar plosive
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| IPA – number | 109 |
| IPA – text | k |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | k |
| X-SAMPA | k |
| Kirshenbaum | k |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
|
The voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is k, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.
The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indian languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k].
Contents |
Features
Features of the voiceless velar plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| k | plain k |
| kʰ | aspirated k |
| kʲ | palatalized k |
| kʷ | labialized k |
| k˺ | unreleased k |
| k̬ | voiced k |
| kʼ | ejective k |
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ақалақь | [ˈakalakʲ] | 'the city' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Ahtna | gistaann | [kɪstʰɐːn] | 'six' | ||
| Aleut[1] | kiikax̂ | [kiːkaχ] | 'cranberry bush' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[2] | كتب | [ˈkatabɐ] | 'he wrote' | See Arabic phonology |
| Bengali | কম | [kɔm] | 'less, few' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | как | [kak] | 'how' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 家/gaa1 | [kaː˥˥] | 'home' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 高/gāo | [kɑʊ˥] | 'tall, high' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | clenxa | [ˈklɛnʲɕə] | 'hair parting' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Czech | kost | [kost] | 'bone' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[4] | koning | [ˈkonɪŋ] | 'king' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | kiss | [kʰɪs] | 'kiss' | See English phonology | |
| Estonian | kõik | [kɤik] | 'all' | ||
| Finnish | kakku | [kɑkːu] | 'cake' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[5] | cabinet | [kabinɛ] | 'office' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[6] | ქვა | [kʰva] | 'stone' | ||
| German | Käfig | [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] | 'cage' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | καλόγερος | [kaˈlo̞ɡe̞ro̞s̠] | 'monk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindi | काम | [kɑːm] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | akkor | [ɒkkor] | 'then' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[7] | casa | [ˈkaza] | 'house' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[8] | 鞄/kaban | [kabaɴ] | 'handbag' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 가다/kada | [kada] | 'to go' | See Korean phonology | |
| Lakota | kimímela | [kɪˈmɪmela] | 'butterfly' | ||
| Malay | kaki | [kaki] | 'leg' | ||
| Norwegian | kake | [kɑːkɛ] | 'cake' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Pashto | كال | [kɑl] | 'year' | ||
| Polish[9] | buk | [ˈbuk] (help·info) |
'beech tree' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[10] | corno | [ˈkoɾnu] | 'horn' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian[11] | când | [ˈkɨnd] | 'when' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[12] | короткий | [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] | 'short' | See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak | kosť | [kosc] | 'bone' | ||
| Spanish[13] | casa | [ˈkasa] | 'house' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | ko | [ˈkʰuː] | 'cow' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | kulak | [kʰuläk] | 'ear' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | /kawar/ | 'slat' | Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Vietnamese | cô | [ko] | 'aunt; Miss' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[14] | canza | [kanza] | 'walking' | |
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39–87
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41
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