Voiceless velar plosive

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IPA – number 109
IPA – text k
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity k
X-SAMPA k
Kirshenbaum k
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is k, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.

The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indian languages, such as Hindi, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k].

Contents

Features

Features of the voiceless velar plosive:

Varieties of [k]

IPA Description
k plain k
kʰ aspirated k
kʲ palatalized k
kʷ labialized k
k˺ unreleased k
k̬ voiced k
kʼ ejective k

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ақалақь [ˈakalakʲ] 'the city' See Abkhaz phonology
Ahtna gistaann [kɪstʰɐːn] 'six'
Arabic Standard[1] كتب [ˈkatabɐ] 'he wrote' See Arabic phonology
Bulgarian как [kak] 'how'
Chinese Cantonese 家/gaa1 [kaː˥˥] 'home'
Mandarin 高/gāo [kɑʊ˥] 'tall, high' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Mandarin
Catalan[2] clenxa [ˈklɛnʲɕə] 'hair parting' See Catalan phonology
Czech kost [kost] 'bone' See Czech phonology
Dutch[3] koning [ˈkonɪŋ] 'king' See Dutch phonology
English kiss [kʰɪs] 'kiss' See English phonology
Finnish kakku [kɑkːu] 'cake' See Finnish phonology
French[4] cabinet [kabinɛ] 'office' See French phonology
Georgian[5] ქვა [kʰva] 'stone'
German Käfig [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] 'cage' See German phonology
Greek καλόγερος [kaˈlo̞ge̞ro̞s̠] 'monk' See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi काम [kɑm] 'work' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian akkor [ɑkkor] 'then' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[6] casa [ˈkaza] 'house' See Italian phonology
Japanese[7] 鞄/kaban [kabaɴ] 'handbag' See Japanese phonology
Korean 가다/kada [kada] 'to go' See Korean phonology
Norwegian kake [kɑːkɛ] 'cake' See Norwegian phonology
Pashto كال [kɑl] 'year'
Polish[8] buk [buk]  (help·info) 'beech tree' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[9] corno [ˈkoɾnu] 'horn' See Portuguese phonology
Russian[10] короткий [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] 'short' See Russian phonology
Spanish[11] casa [ˈkasa] 'house' See Spanish phonology
Swedish ko [ˈkʰuː] 'cow' See Swedish phonology
Turkish kulak [kuläk] 'ear' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh /kawar/ 'slat' Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology
Vietnamese cô [ko] 'aunt; Miss' See Vietnamese phonology

See also

References

  1. ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
  2. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  3. ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
  4. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  5. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  6. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  7. ^ Okada (1991:94)
  8. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  9. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  10. ^ Padgett (2003:42)
  11. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)

Bibliography

v • d • e
Consonants
List · Table
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approxim.  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affr.  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps / taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ
Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.
See also IPA · Vowels