Voiceless palatal plosive
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| IPA – number | 107 |
| IPA – text | c |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | c |
| X-SAMPA | c |
| Kirshenbaum | c |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
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The voiceless palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is c, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.
It is similar to a voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ] (as in English chip), and because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge, [c] is less common than [tʃ].[1] It is common for the symbol <c> to represent [tʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, but the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive, and therefore of secondary importance.
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Features
Features of the voiceless palatal plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is palatal which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[2] | kuq | [kuc] | 'red' | ||
| Asu | [cúma] | 'to sew' | |||
| Basque | ttantta | [canca] | 'droplet' | ||
| Catalan | Majorcan[3] | tronc | [ˈtronʲc] | 'log' | Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Corsican | chjodu | [ˈcoːdu] | 'nail' | Also present in the Gallurese dialect | |
| Czech | čeština | [ˈtʃɛʃ.cɪ.na] | 'Czech language' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | car | [car] | 'black' | ||
| Dutch[4] | tjeef | [ceːf] | 'catholic' (pej., used in Flanders) | See Dutch phonology | |
| Ega[5] | [cá] | 'understand' | |||
| Greek | κέδρος | [ˈce̞ðro̞s̠] | 'cedar' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gweno | [ca] | 'to come' | |||
| Hungarian[6] | tyúk | [cuːk] | 'hen' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | gjóla | [couːla] | 'light wind' | ||
| Latvian | ķirbis | [ˈcirbis] | 'pumpkin' | ||
| Macedonian | вреќа | [ˈvrɛca] | 'sack' | ||
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[7] | fett | [fɛcː] | 'fat' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Limousin | tireta | [ciˈʀetɒ] | 'drawer' | |
| Auvergnat | tirador | [ciʀaˈdu] | 'drawer' | ||
| Plautdietsch | Kjoakj | [coac] | 'church' | ||
| Romanian[8] | chin | [cin] | 'torture' | Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology. | |
| Scottish Gaelic | ceann | [cʰɛunˠ] | 'head' | ||
| Slovak | deväť | [ˈɟɛvæc] | 'nine' | ||
| Tadaksahak | ? | [cɛːˈnɐ] | 'small' | ||
| Turkish | köyün | [cʰœˈjyn] | 'village' (gen.) | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | cho | [cɔ] | 'to give' | Variety: [t͡ɕɔ]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Western Desert Language | kutju | [kucu] | 'one' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:162)
- ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982:10)
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:46)
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:164)
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997:105-107)
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
Bibliography
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32 (1): 99–104
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
- Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982). Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students. Stanford University Press. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hqlYbhnII3QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Standard+Albanian:+A+Reference+Grammar+for+Students&ots=gfl6bUO-o3&sig=AVfXqdcG1IKv-okvSu9ahZqdBZQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1–25
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
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