Voiceless palatal fricative

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IPA – number 138
IPA – text ç
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity ç
X-SAMPA C
Kirshenbaum C
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ç, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla, as used to spell French words like façade, although the sound represented by the letter ç in either French or English orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but /s/, the voiceless alveolar fricative.

Palatal fricatives are rare phonemes and only 5% of the world's languages have /ç/ as a phoneme.[1] However, it also tends to occur as an allophone of /x/ or /h/ in the vicinity of front vowels, and many English dialects are no exception.

Contents

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Azerbaijani some dialects çörək [ʧœˈɾæç] 'bread'
English hue [çjuː] 'hue' Allophone of /h/. See English phonology and Yod-coalescence
Finnish vihko [ˈʋiçko̞] 'notebook' Allophone of /h/. See Finnish phonology
German dicht [dɪçt] 'dense' See German phonology
Greek χιόνι [ˈço̞ni] 'snow' See Modern Greek phonology
Haida xíl [çɪ́l] 'leaf'
Hungarian[2] méh [meːç] 'bee' Allophone of /h/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic hérna [çɛrtna] 'here' See Icelandic phonology
Irish a Sheáin [ə çaːnʲ] 'John (Voc.)' See Irish phonology
Korean 힘/him [çim] 'strength' See Korean phonology
Japanese[3] 貧血/hinketsu [çiŋketsɯ] 'anemia' Allophone of /h/ before /i/. See Japanese phonology
Kabyle ḵil [çil] 'to measure'
Norwegian kyss [çʏs] 'kiss' See Norwegian phonology
Polish hiacynt [çat͡sɨnt] 'hyacinth' See Polish phonology
Scottish Gaelic eich [eç] 'horses'
Xârâcùù[4]  ? [çɛɡɛ] 'stone'

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–68)
  2. ^ Szende (1994:93)
  3. ^ Okada (1991:95)
  4. ^ Tryon (1995)

References

v • d • e
Consonants
List · Table
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols [edit • talk]
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ  Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ  Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ  Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approxim. ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ  Affr.  p̪͡f t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps / taps ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ • • Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ
Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.
See also IPA · Vowels