Voiceless bilabial plosive

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 It has been suggested that bilabial ejective be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)


IPA – number 101
IPA – text p
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity p
X-SAMPA p
Kirshenbaum p
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless bilabial plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is p, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p. The voiceless bilabial plosive in English is spelled with 'p', as in pit or speed.

[p] is missing from about 10% of languages that have a [b]. (See voiced velar plosive for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the "circum-Saharan zone" (Africa north of the equator, including the Arabian peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic lost its /p/ in prehistoric times), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, in Europe, Proto-Celtic and Old Basque are both reconstructed as having [b] but no [p].

Nonetheless, the [p] sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [p], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [p].

Contents

Features

Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:

Varieties of the voiceless bilabial plosive

IPA X-SAMPA Description
p p plain p
pʰ p_h aspirated p
pʲ p' (or p_j) palatalized p
pʷ p_w labialized p
p̚ p_} unreleased p
p̌ p_v voiced p
pʼ p_> ejective p

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan[1] parallamps [ˌpaɾəˈʎams] 'lightning conductor' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin 爆炸/bàozhà [pɑʊ˥˩ ʈʂa˥˩] 'to explode' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Mandarin
Czech pes [pɛs] 'dog' See Czech phonology
Dutch[2] plicht [plɪxt] 'duty' See Dutch phonology
English pack [pʰæk] 'pack' See English phonology
French[3] pomme [pɔm] 'apple' See French phonology
German Pack [pʰak] 'pile' See German phonology
Greek πόδι [ˈpo̞ði] 'leg' See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi पल [pəl] 'moment' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian pápa [paːpɒ] 'pope' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[4] papà [paˈpa] 'dad' See Italian phonology
Japanese[5] ポスト/posuto [posɯto] 'mailbox' See Japanese phonology
Korean 풀/pul [pʰul] 'grass' See Korean phonology
Norwegian pappa [pɑpːɑ] 'dad' See Norwegian phonology
Pashto ﭙﺎﻧﻴﺮ [pɑˈnir] 'cheese'
Pirahã pibaóí [pìbàóí] 'otter'
Polish[6] pas [pas] (help·info) 'belt' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[7] pai [paɪ̯] 'father' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian pas [pas] 'step' See Romanian phonology
Russian[8] плод [plot] (help·info) 'fruit' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Spanish[9] peso [ˈpe̞so̞] 'weight' See Spanish phonology
Swedish apa [ˈaːpʰa] 'ape' See Swedish phonology
Tsez пу [pʰu] 'side' Contrasts with ejective form.
Turkish kap [käp] 'pot' See Turkish phonology

See also

References

  1. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  2. ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
  3. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  4. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  5. ^ Okada (1991:94)
  6. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  7. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  8. ^ Padgett (2003:42)
  9. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)

Bibliography

v • d • e
Consonants
List · Table
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approxim.  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affr.  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps / taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ
Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.
See also IPA · Vowels