Voiced dental plosive

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IPA – number	104 + 408
IPA – text	d̪
IPA – image
Entity	d̪
X-SAMPA	d_d
Kirshenbaum	d[
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced dental plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is d̪, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d_d. This is the symbol for the voiced alveolar plosive with the "bridge below" diacritic meaning dental.

Features

Features of the voiced dental plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
• Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper teeth, or both.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Occurrence

True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance languages, /d/ is often called dental. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar; the fact that the front of the tongue touches the teeth may be more visible, but is unimportant acoustically.^{[citation needed]} The difference between the /d/ sounds of the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in a number of Romance languages, it is the blade of the tongue just behind the tip (such sounds are called laminal). Indian language like Hindi and Bengali have true apical voiced dental plosives and contrast aspirated and unaspirated forms.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Standard[1]	دين	[ˈd̪iːn]	'religion'	See Arabic phonology
Bengali		দাম	[d̪am]	'price'	Bengali contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[2]		ull de bou	[uʎ d̪ə ˈβɔw]	'round window'	See Catalan phonology
Dinka[3]		dhek	[d̪ek]	'distinct'	Contrasts with alveolar /d/
English	Irish[4]	that	[d̪æt]	'that'	Corresponds to /ð/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Georgian[5]		კუდი	[ˈkud̪i]	'tail'
Hindi[6]		दाल	[d̪ɑːl]	'lentils'	Hindi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish		dorcha	[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]	'dark'	See Irish phonology
Italian[7]		dare	[ˈd̪are]	'to give'	See Italian phonology
Pashto		ﺪﻮﻩ	[ˈd̪wɑ]	'two'
Polish[8]		dom	[d̪ɔm] (help·info)	'home'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[9]		dar	[d̪aɾ]	'to give'	See Portuguese phonology
Russian[10]		дышать	[d̪ɨˈʂatʲ]	'to breathe'	Contrasts with a palatalized voiced alveolar plosive. See Russian phonology
Spanish[11]		hundido	[ũn̪ˈd̪iðo̞]	'sunken'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish[12]		dag	[dɑːɡ]	'day'	See Swedish phonology
Turkish		dal	[d̪äl]	'finger'	See Turkish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[13]	'dan'	[d̪aŋ]	'countryside'

References

Bibliography

• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
• Engstrand, Olle (1999). "Swedish". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–142. ISBN 0-521-63751-1. 
• Hickey, Raymond (1984), "Coronal Segments in Irish English", Journal of Linguistics 20 (2): 233–250 
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
• Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969). The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell. 
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114 
• Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (1): 113–124 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
• Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press. 

See also

• List of phonetics topics

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