Voiced alveolar plosive

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IPA – number	104
IPA – text	d
IPA – image
Entity	d
X-SAMPA	`d`
Kirshenbaum	`d`
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is d (although the symbol d̪ can be used to distinguish the dental version, see voiceless dental plosive), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

1 Features
2 Varieties
3 Occurrence
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar plosive:

Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Varieties

IPA	Description
d	modal d
dʱ or d̤	breathy voice or murmured d
dʲ	palatalized d
dʷ	labialized d
dˁ	pharyngialized d
d˺	unreleased d
d̥	voiceless or slack voice d
d̬	stiff voice d
d̺	apical d
d̻	laminal d
d̪	dental or denti-alveolar d
d̟ or d̪͆	interdental d
d̠	postalveolar d

Occurrence

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Czech	do	[do]	'into'	See Czech phonology
Dutch^[1]	dak	[dɑk]	'roof'	See Dutch phonology
English	admit	[ædˈmɪt]	'admit'	See English phonology
Finnish	sidos	[sido̞s]	'bond'	See Finnish phonology
French	dais	[dɛ]	'canopy'	See French phonology
German	Dach	[dax]	'roof'	See German phonology
Greek	ντροπή	[dro̞ˈpi]	'shame'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian	adó	[ɒdoː]	'tax'	See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian^[2]	dacing	[ˈdatʃiŋ]	'balance scale'
Japanese^[3]	男性的/danseiteki	[danseiteki]	'masculine'	See Japanese phonology
Korean	아들/adeul	[adɯl]	'son'	See Korean phonology
Malay	dahan	[dahan]	'branch'
Maltese	dehen	[den]	'wit'
Norwegian	dans	[dɑns]	'dance'	See Norwegian phonology
Slovak	do	[do]	'into'

Bibliography

Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47
Maddieson, Ian (1984). Patterns of Sound. Camebridge University Press.
Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97
Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (2): 209–213

Consonants

List · Table

Pulmonics

	Non-pulmonics and other symbols [edit • talk]
Clicks		ʘ		ǀ		ǃ		ǂ		ǁ
Impl.		ɓ		ɗ		ʄ		ɠ		ʛ
Eject.		pʼ		tʼ		kʼ		qʼ		sʼ
Affr.	p̪͡f	t͡s	d͡z	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ	ʈ͡ʂ	ɖ͡ʐ	t͡ɬ	d͡ɮ
Other laterals								ɺ	•	ɫ
Co-art. fricatives								ɕ	ʑ	ɧ
Co-art. approxim.								ʍ	w	ɥ
Co-articulated stops								k͡p	ɡ͡b	ŋ͡m

This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.

See also IPA · Vowels

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