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Table of consonants

From MedBib.com - Medicine & Nature

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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

The following tables show the symbols for some of the consonants found in human language, including all of the consonant letters of the International Phonetic Alphabet, some additional letters not found in the IPA, some which do not occur in normal human speech, and an arbitrary number of consonants derived via diacritics. The first table contains mostly consonants articulated in the front part of the mouth (lips, teeth, and tip or blade of the tongue), and the second table contains mostly consonants articulated in the back part of the mouth (body of tongue and throat). The places of articulation are listed on top, and the manners of articulation on the left side. Where consonants occur in pairs, the consonant on the left represents a voiceless articulation and the consonant on the right represents a voiced articulation, except for [ɦ], which is murmured, and [ʡ], which is undefined with respect to voice. Although the symbols ʕ, ʢ, ɦ and ʁ can represent fricatives or approximants, in this article the lowering diacritic ( ̞) will be used to avoid ambiguity. Some consonants have multiple possible symbols e.g. β̞ and ʋ̟, ɹ̪ and ð̞, ɰ̊ and x̞. If this is the case, the most commonly used symbol will be shown.

Affricates are not included in the table, since they are written with combinations of letters found in the tables.

	Bilabial		Labiodental		Dental		Dental, alveolar, and postalveolar		Domed postalveolar		Retroflex		Labialized palatal (should be in lower table)
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ
Implosive	ɓ̥	ɓ	ɓ̪̊	ɓ̪	ɗ̪̊	ɗ̪	ɗ̥	ɗ			ᶑ̥	ᶑ
Ejective	pʼ		p̪ʼ		t̪ʼ		tʼ				ʈʼ
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ	ʙ̪̊	ʙ̪	r̪̊	r̪	r̥	r	r̠̊	r̠		*
Tap or Flap	̟̥	̟	̥		ɾ̪̊	ɾ̪	ɾ̥	ɾ	ɾ̱̊	ɾ̱	ɽ̊	ɽ
Lateral flap					ɺ̪̊	ɺ̪	ɺ̥	ɺ			̥	
Fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ
Lateral fricative					ɬ̪	ɮ̪	ɬ	ɮ			*	̌*
Ejective fricative	ɸʼ		fʼ		θʼ		sʼ		ʃʼ		ʂʼ
Ejective lateral fricative					ɬ̪ʼ		ɬʼ				ʼ*	̌ʼ*
Percussive	ʬ				ʭ		← requires separate column
Approximant	β̞̊	β̞	ʋ̥	ʋ	ð̞̊	ð̞	ɹ̥	ɹ			ɻ̊	ɻ	ɥ̊	ɥ
Lateral approximant					l̪̥	l̪	l̥	l			ɭ̊	ɭ
Click consonants (numerous consonants per symbol)	ʘ				ǀ		ǃ				ǃǃ*
Lateral click					ǀǀǀ*		ǁ

	Palatalized postalveolar (should be in upper table)		Palatal		Labial-velar and labialized velar		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal		Epiglottal		Glottal
Plosive	ȶ*	ȡ*	c	ɟ	k͡p	ɡ͡b	k	g	q	ɢ			ʡ		ʔ
Implosive			ʄ̊	ʄ	ɠ̊͡ɓ̥	ɠ͡ɓ	ɠ̊	ɠ	ʛ̥	ʛ
Ejective	ȶʼ*		cʼ		k͡pʼ		kʼ		qʼ
Nasal	ȵ̊	ȵ*	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊͡m̊	ŋ͡m	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̊	ɴ
Trill									ʀ̥	ʀ			я̊*	я*
Tap or Flap									ɢ̥̆	ɢ̆			ʡ̯̊	ʡ̯
Lateral flap			ʎ̯̊	ʎ̯			ʟ̥̆	ʟ̆
Fricative	ɕ	ʑ	ç	ʝ			x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	ʜ	ʢ	h	ɦ
Lateral fricative			*	̌*			*	̌*
Approximant			j̊	j	ʍ	w	ɰ̊	ɰ	ʁ̞̊	ʁ̞	ʕ̞̊	ʕ̞	ʢ̞̊	ʢ̞	h̞	ɦ̞
Lateral approximant	ȴ̥	ȴ*	ʎ̥	ʎ			ʟ̥	ʟ
Click consonant			ǂ
Lateral click			ǂǂ*

*Not IPA.

Other consonants:

• Simultaneous palato-alveolar and velar fricative (not physically possible): ɧ
• Velopharyngeal fricative: ʩ

See also

• List of phonetics topics
• List of consonants
• Table of vowels

v • d • e Consonants List · Table Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Approxim. ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Flaps / taps ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ • • Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Non-pulmonics and other symbols [edit • talk]  Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ  Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ  Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ  Affr.  p̪͡f  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. See also IPA · Vowels

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