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Post-Imperial Mongolia (The Forty and the Four tumens in Mongolian sources) or the Northern Yuan Dynasty[1] refers to the regime surviving in Mongolia after the overthrow of the Mongol-founded Yuan Dynasty in China by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. It continued to rule Mongolia and some adjacent territories until the 17th century, when it submitted to the Manchu-founded Qing Dynasty,[2] though some sources claim that Northern Yuan Dynasty ended in 1388, when Toghus Temur was murdered near Karakorum.[3] It's sometimes referred to as Mongolian Khaanate in modern Mongolian sources.[4]
Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, had established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271 and became Emperor of China by 1279. The Yuan Dynasty lasted for less a century, however, when the indigenous Chinese people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the ensuing famines since the late 1340s, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of the support from people. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide turmoil. Eventually, Zhu Yuanzhang, a Chinese peasant established the Ming Dynasty in South China, and sent an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. Toghun Temür, the last ruler of the Yuan Dynasty, fled north to Shangdu from Dadu in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng Dynasty (1368–1644). He had tried to regain Dadu, but eventually failed; he died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death.
The Yuan remnants retreated to Mongolia after the fall of Yingchang to the Ming Dynasty in 1370, where the name Great Yuan was formally carried on, known as the Northern Yuan. According to Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by Heaven to rule as Emperor of China (see Mandate of Heaven), and so the Ming and the Northern Yuan denied each other's legitimacy as emperors of China, although the Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded a legitimate dynasty. Historians generally regard Míng Dynasty rulers as the legitimate emperors of China after the Yuan Dynasty, though Northern Yuan rulers also claimed this title. The Northern Yuan rulers held tenaciously to their title of Emperor (or Great Khan) of the Great Yuan (Dai Yuwan Khaan - Их Юань Хаан).[5]
The Ming army pursued the Northern Yuan forces into Mongolia in 1372, but were defeated by the latter under Ayushridar and Köke Temür. They tried again in 1380, ultimately winning a decisive victory over Northern Yuan in 1388. About 70,000 Mongols were taken prisoner[citation needed], and Karakorum (the Northern Yuan capital) was sacked and ruined in 1380. Eight years later, the Northern Yuan throne was taken over by Yesüder, a descendant of Ariq Böke, instead of the descendants of Kublai Khan. The following centuries saw a succession of Chinggisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. Periods of conflict with the Ming Dynasty intermingled with periods of peaceful relations with border trade. In 1402, Örüg Temür Khan (Guilichi) abolished the name Great Yuan; he was however defeated by Öljei Temür Khan (Bunyashiri), the protege of Tamerlane (Timur Barulas) in 1403. After successfully uniting Western and Eastern Mongols Batumongke Khaan (1464-1543) adopted the title Dayan meaning universal in Mongolian.
In the 17th century, the Mongols came under the influence of the Manchu, who founded the Later Jin Dynasty. In 1634, Ligdan Khan, last Mongol khaghan of the Borjigin clan, died on his way to Tibet. His son, Ejei Khan, surrendered to the Manchu and gave the great seal of the Yuan Emperor to its new ruler, Hong Taiji. This event prompted Hong Taiji to establish the Qing Dynasty in 1636[6] as the successor of both the Northern Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty by 1644.[citation needed]
| Preceded by Mongol Empire and Yuan Dynasty |
States in Mongolian history 1368-1635 |
Succeeded by Khalkha and Zunghar Khanate |
List of the Emperors of the Post imperial Mongolia or the Northern Yuan
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Asia
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