 Languages of Guatemala |
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Official languages
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| Mam Qyol Mam |
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| Spoken in: | Guatemala | |
| Region: | Western Highlands | |
| Total speakers: | approx. 500,000 | |
| Language family: | Mayan Quichean-Mamean Greater Mamean Mamean Mam |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | myn | |
| ISO 639-3: | variously: mam – Northern mms – Southern mvc – Central mvj – Todos Santos Cuchumatán mpf – Tajumulco mtz – Tacanec |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
The Mam language is a member of the Mamean branch of the Mayan language family. It is spoken by the Mam people of the highlands of western Guatemala.
There are at least three major divisions in the language: Northern Mam spoken in the department of Huehuetenango, Southern Mam spoken in and around Quetzaltenango and Central Mam spoken in and around San Marcos. Because of a lack of literacy skills and interaction, the language can vary widely from village to village, even though the villages may be separated by just a few miles. Nonetheless, all native speakers of the Mam language are typically able to understand one another, though perhaps with some difficulty.
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In the charts below each of the Mam phonemes is represented by the character or set of characters that denote it in the practical orthography developed by the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages (ALMG) and sanctioned by the Guatemalan government. Where different, the corresponding symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet appears in brackets.
Mam has five short and five long vowels. Although vowel length is normally indicated in linguistic studies on the language, by doubling the vowel letter, the current version of the practical orthography does not distinguish long and short vowels.[1]
| Short | Long | |
|---|---|---|
| i | ii | close front unrounded vowel |
| e | ee | mid front unrounded vowel |
| a | aa | open central unrounded vowel |
| u | uu | close back rounded vowel |
| o | oo | mid back rounded vowel |
Like other Mayan languages, Mam does not distinguish voiced and voiceless stops and affricates but instead distinguishes plain and glottalized stops and affricates. The plain stops and affricates (technically "pulmonic egressive") are usually voiceless and are aspirated at the ends of words and unaspirated elsewhere. The glottalized stops and affricates are usually ejective in the case of k, tz, ch, tx, and ky and implosive in the case of b and q; either is possible for t.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | glottalized | plain | glottalized | plain | glottalized | plain | glottalized | plain | glottalized | plain | glottalized | plain | glottalized | plain | |
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||||
| Stop | p | b' [ɓ] | t | t' [tʼ]/[ɗ] | ky [kʲ] | ky' [kʲʼ] | k | k' | q | q' [ʛ] | ' [ʔ] | ||||
| Affricate | tz [ʦ] | tz' [ʦʼ] | ch [ʧ] | ch' [ʧʼ] | tx [ʈʂ] | tx' [ʈʂʼ] | |||||||||
| Fricative | s | xh [ʃ] | x [ʂ] | j [X] | |||||||||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||||||||||
| Approximant | l | y [j] | w | ||||||||||||
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