Ice diving is a type of penetration diving where the dive takes place under ice.[1][2] Because diving under ice places the diver in an overhead environment typically with only a single entry/exit point, it is considered an advanced type of diving requiring special training (although whether it constitutes "technical diving" is part of a wider debate within the diving community). Ice Diving should not be attempted by anyone not trained (or in training) by a qualified instructor.
This special training includes learning about how ice forms, how to recognize unsafe ice conditions, dive site preparation, equipment requirements, and safety drills. Ice divers are tethered for safety. What this means is that the diver is wearing a special harness under his/her scuba unit. A line is secured to this harness and the other end of the line is secured to the surface by one of a number of methods.
Ice diving is a team diving activity because the divers line requires a line tender. This person is responsible for playing out and taking in line so that the diver does not get tangled. Communication to the diver, or to the surface, is accomplished by pulling on the line. Each series of tugs means a different thing. There is a diver suited up and ready to enter the water at a moment's notice. This diver is a safety diver, and has his own tender. His purpose is to assist the primary diver in the event of a problem.
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Since diving under the ice takes place in cold climates, there is typically a large amount of equipment required. Besides each person's clothing and exposure protection requirements; including spare mitts and socks, there is basic scuba gear, back up scuba gear, tools to cut a hole in the ice, snow removal tools, safety gear, some type of shelter, lines, and refreshments[citation needed] required.
Because of the water temperature (about 4°C in fresh water) exposure suits are mandatory.[3] Some consider a dry suit mandatory (neoprene dry suits are recommended); however, a thick wetsuit is also sufficient for hardier divers. A wetsuit can be pre-heated by pouring warm water into the suit. A hood and gloves (recommended 3-finger mitts or dry gloves w/rings) are mandatory, and dry suit divers have the option of using hoods and gloves that keep their head and hands dry. Some prefer a to use a full face diving mask to essentially eliminate any contact with the cold water. The biggest draw back to using a wet suit is the chilling effect of the water evaporating off the suit has on the diver. This can be reduced by using a heated shelter. Outfit Recommendations: