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Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and voiced consonants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of voiceless consonants usually involves complete closure of the glottis; another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that a glottal stop is made simultaneously with another consonant. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant.
There are two other ways to represent glottalization in the IPA: (a) the same way as ejectives, with an apostrophe; or (b) with the under-tilde for creaky voice. For example, the Yapese word for sick with a glottalized m could be transcribed as either [m’aar] or [m̰aar]. (In some typefaces, the apostrophe will occur above the m.)
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When a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop [ʔ], one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement. This is, for instance, very common in Cockney and Estuary English. In these dialects, the glottal stop is an allophone of /p/, /t/, and /k/ word-finally and when preceded by a stressed vowel and followed by an unstressed vowel (this also includes syllabic /l/ /m/ and /n/)[1]. E.g "city" [ˈsɪʔɪ], "bottle" [ˈbɒʔəɫ], "Britain" [ˈbɹɪʔən], "seniority" [siːniˈɒɹəʔi]. This also occurs in Indonesian, where syllable final /k/ is pronounced as a glottal stop.
In Hawaiian, the glottal stop is reconstructed to have come from other Proto-Polynesian consonants. The following table displays the shift /k/ → /ʔ/ as well as the shift /t/ → /k/
| Gloss | man | sea | taboo | octopus | canoe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongan | taŋata | tahi | tapu | feke | vaka |
| Samoan | taŋata | tai | tapu | feʔe | vaʔa |
| Māori | taŋata | tai | tapu | ɸeke | waka |
| Rapanui | taŋata | tai | tapu | heke | vaka |
| Rarotongan | taŋata | tai | tapu | ʔeke | vaka |
| Hawaiian | kanaka | kai | kapu | heʔe | waʔa |
Glottal replacement is not purely a feature of consonants. Yanesha' has three vowel qualities (/a/, /e/, and/o/) contrasts them phonemically between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms. While the latter generally consists of creaky phonation, there is some allophony involved. In In pre-final contexts, a variation occurs (especially before voiced consonants) ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel, glottal stop, and a slightly rearticulated vowel: /maˀˈnʲoʐ/ ('deer') → [maʔa̯ˈnʲoʂ][2].
When a phoneme is accompanied (either sequentially or simultaneously) by a [ʔ], then one speaks of pre-glottalization or glottal reinforcement. This is very common in all varieties of English, RP included; /t/ is the most affected but /p/, /k/, and even occasionally /tʃ/[3] are also affected. In the English dialects exhibiting pre-glottalization, the consonants in question are usually glottalized in the coda position. E.g. "what" [ˈwɒʔt], "fiction" [ˈfɪʔkʃən], "milkman" [ˈmɪlʔkmæn], "opera" [ˈɒʔpɹə]. To a certain extent, there is free variation in English between glottal replacement and glottal reinforcement[4].
Glottalization
English accents