Dilipkumar Roy
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Dilipkumar Roy (1897-1980) was a Bengali Indian musician, musicologist, novelist, poet and essayist of a vast culture, endowed as much with intellectual gifts as with an innate devotion.
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[edit] Cultural background
Son of Dwijendralal Ray (1863-1913), the famous Bengali poet, playwright, and composer, Dilip and his younger sister Maya lost their mother Surabala Devi in 1903. From his father’s side, the family descended from one of the apostles of the medieval Bengali saint Shri Chaitanya. Brilliant as student, since his childhood, Dilip had a fascination for Sanskrit, English, chemistry and mathematics. His passion for music stopped him from securing the highest marks in the Matriculation examination : he stood the twenty-first and, with a scholarship, joined the Presidency College of Kolkata. Here he came close to a future celebrity : Subhas Chandra Bose. With a first class honours in mathematics, he went to Cambridge in 1919 for a tripos. Shortly before this three-year trip to Europe, in his teens he had come under the personal spell of the eminent musicologist Bhatkhande. Dilip had taken advantage of his family background and learnt scores of popular and classical compositions from an unimpeachable source. This forged his determination to embrace music as a vocation. Therefore, in 1920, in addition to the first part of his tripos, he passed also, brilliantly, the examination in Western music. Along with his lessons in piano, he grew fluent in French, German and Italian, before leaving for Germany and Italy to pursue his studies in music. Inviting Dilip through the International Peace and Freedom Society, Romain Rolland arranged for him a seminar on Indian classical music in Lugano, and got his lectures translated and published in French. At this juncture, Dilip met personalities like Bertrand Russell, Hermann Hesse, Georges Duhamel. From Vienna, invited by president Masaryk, Dilip visited Prague, on his way to Budapest, Rome, Florence and Naples, to discover the heart of the tradition of European music. The ancient modes like Ionian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Dorian, Aeolian, and Phyrgian, reminded him, respectively, of the Indian that or melakarta (“parent scales”) like Bilâval, Iman, Khamâj, Kâfi, Asâvari, and Bhaïravi.
[edit] Romain Rolland and Dilipkumar
In his diary, Inde, Romain Rolland speaks of Dilip frequently. He records Dilip's first visit on 23 August 1920: "...His is no ordinary intelligence... A young man, tall and well-built, (...) in his complexion the orange-brown of a Créole features, except for the lips..." Talking about his songs, Rolland mentions, "Especially a religious song by Tansen... I find there some affinity with Gregorian melodies and, furthermore, with the Greek hymns that had been at the very source (...)" And Rolland goes on: "By listening to the popular melodies one is better able to grasp the pure and natural genius of the Hindu race. Dilipkumar Roy sings some of them, so charmingly, delicately, cheerfully, poetically, exhibiting such a mastery of rhythm - that they could just as well be popular songs of our own (...) One realizes - how popular art admits far fewer boundaries than sophisticated art." And about Dilip's voice: "He sings with nasal intonations and his voice reaches quite high, with a singular suppleness in the ceaseless blossoming of vocal improvisations and ornaments..." On 24 October 1927, Romain Rolland describes another visit from Dilip: "He belongs to a type which is the best of aristocratic India." On listening to an old hymn to the goddess Kali sung by Dilip, Rolland mentions: "It is simply captivating, an overflow of passion that implores, laments, reaches fever pitch, subsides, from soprano to bass notes (...) and begins again, with doubled and exacting ecstasy..."
[edit] Experiments in music
While in Europe, Dilip realised "the greatness and the deficiency" of Indian classical music as practised by his contemporaries. Instead of mediocre word - supports to elaborate melodic and rhythmic compositions, Dilip was convinced that the modern Indian languages - the daughters of Sanskrit could provide more adequate lyrics for the classical models (as demonstrated by composers like his own father or Tagore, among others). Back in India, he joined Bhatkhande and, following the latter's methodology, he set to travelling widely, collecting and publishing serial notes on raga-variants from regional masters, with notations of specific compositions. He went further in having lessons from stalwarts like Abdul Karim, Faiyaz Khan, Chandan Chaube, Gaurishankar Mishra, Surendranath Majumdar, Hafiz Ali Khan. In his famous works, bhramyaman (‘Globe-trotting’), sangitiki (‘About Music’), gitashri (‘Song as an Art’) etc., he recorded in details his experiences, illustrated by notations. Perhaps nobody in India has left such numerous and precise notations. Like Bhatkhande and his pupil Ratanjankar, Dilip wrote and demonstrated how Indian classical music could be taught on a purely academic basis, with a syllabus, somewhat demystifying the shrouded master-to-disciple secrecy. As an outspoken music critic, he attained considerable fame, especially in his audacious analysis of the sacrosanct Gurus. His first-hand experience, enhanced by his deep investigation and reflections, opened a new horizon in the domain of thinking, practising and teaching music.
[edit] Embracing the cosmic soul
Whereas the very ancient Indian tradition of lieder-like lyrics, passing through the 9th century carya-pada songs, admitted and encouraged the tana (improvised musical phrases), Tagore, who had composed more than 2000 lyrics, wanted to individualise his compositions in the European way and protect their execution according to an authorised notation. A peerless expert of the tana and phrase-variations, Dilip had argued and obtained - exceptionally - Tagore's permission to interpret the latter's songs as he wished. Composing songs in Sanskrit, Bengali, Hindi and English, keeping intact some popular or classical melodies even from Russian, German, Italian or French music, he had the rare facility of passing from one language to another, while interpreting them.
Among the paramount contributions of Dilip, we find compositions of an Indian type of opera, based on the traditional model of the kirtana: this involves an emotional catharsis through a succession of modal and rhythmic patterns, compatible with the classical schools of Indian dance. Though on this experimental form, too, Tagore has left the stamp of his genius, much was yet to come. After a long discussion with Tagore on the subtleties of Bengali prosody, Dilip saw the aged poet dedicating him the former’s study on the subject, chhanda. Requested by the University of Kolkata, Dilip himself also wrote a treatise on the subject, chhandasiki. In one of his letters to Dilip, the poet admitted : “I have a sincere affection for you. My heart is attracted by your unmixed truthfulness and frankness.” Attaining popularity for the force, the sweetness, and the range of his voice, Dilip was admired by listeners like Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, and Gandhi. In the 1940s, a hit film in Hindi flooded the country with the songs of Mirabai, that princess-saint of medieval India. Though they were sung by the golden-voiced M.S. Subbulakshmi, they had all been collected or composed by Dilipkumar. In homage to her teacher, Subbulakshmi has written that when Dilip "sings (...), it is an outpouring of the individual soul, yearning to be embraced by the cosmic soul."
Dilip created his own style of fiction, involved in a constant psychological analysis. Most of his characters are mystic or spiritual in their essence, situated at a meeting point between the East and the West. As a poet, instead of following the melodic lyrical style developed by Tagore and innate to the Bengali genius, Dilip followed the harmonic structure created by Michael Madhusudan Dutta and brought up to-date by his own father Dwijendralal Ray.
[edit] Last phase
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After a second visit to Europe, in 1928 Dilip settled at the Ashram of Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry. His imposing correspondence with Sri Aurobindo reveals a hitherto unknown aspect of the Master who declared cherishing him “like a friend and a son”. In the early 50s, two patriotic songs composed by Dilip ("ham bharatke" and "nishan uncha, kadam badha") appealed to the General Cariappa, who wanted to include them in the official list of marching songs for the Indian Army. In 1953, on returning from a world tour, accompanied by his disciple Indira Devi, he founded the Hari Krishna Mandir in 1959 at Pune. Dilip co-authored an autobiographical book titled Pilgrims of the Stars with Indira Devi. A spiritual classic, Pilgrims of the Stars offers the reader an inspiring and humorous glimpse into the daily struggles and victories of two great souls. East West Journal stated that the book was, ". . . as remarkable as it is rewarding for the reader." Honoured by the Sanskrit Academy of Kolkata as the 'Source of the Nectar of Melody' (sura-sudhâkara), Dilip was elected member of the Indian State Academy of Fine Arts. Author of more than 50 records (several of them still reprinted by the HMV-India); 8 volumes of songs with notation; 21 volumes in English and 46 in Bengali containing novels, poems, plays, epistles, reminiscences and essays. Dilip's was a luminous personality, graced by a cheerful affection and an eagerness to share - with all those who approached him - whatever wealth he had accumulated over the years. He reminded the old adage: “The heavier the branches grow with fruits, the lower they stoop.” He was on the look out for young talents and he was generous in his attempt to help them asserting themselves. The firework of melodic improvisations during his youthful years had something of the elan vital depicted, for instance, by Van Gogh. When Dilipkumar Roy was fiftyish, these had yielded considerably to other crafts, expressing deeper intonations of a spiritual attainment. Dilip passed away in Hari Krishna Mandir, Pune in 1980.
[edit] References
- www.dilipkumarroy.com - A website dedicated to Hari Krishna Mandir, which was founded by Dilip Kumar Roy. Photographs of Dilip & a list of books and music by him are available at the website.
- Pilgrims of the Stars Autobiography of two Yogis, Dilip Kumar Roy & Indira Devi
- Dilipkumar Roy by Prithwindra Mukherjee, in IIAS Newsletter No.8, Rotterdam, Spring 1996
- “Sampadakiya nivedan” by Baridbaran Ghosh in Rachana-samgraha/ Dilipkumar Ray ('Collected Works'), Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1997, pp5-12.
