Lateral clicks

From MedBib.com - Medicine & Nature

The lateral clicks are click consonants found only in Africa. The clicking sound used by equestrians to urge on their horses is a lateral click, although it isn't a speech sound in that context. Alveolar lateral clicks are found throughout southern Africa and Tanzania; some of the Juu languages also have other lateral clicks.

Alveolar lateral clicks

IPA – number	180
IPA – text	ǁ
IPA – image
Entity	ǁ
X-SAMPA	|\|\
Kirshenbaum	l!
Sound sample (help·info)

Most lateral clicks are alveolar. These are found in all Khoisan languages as well as in several Bantu languages. The only languages with non-alveolar lateral clicks are in the Juu family (see below).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the forward articulation of these sounds is ǁ, a double vertical bar. This must be combined with a symbol for the rear articulation to represent an actual speech sound. Attested alveolar lateral clicks include:

• [k͡ǁ] or [ǁ͡k] voiceless velar–alveolar lateral click (may also be aspirated, ejective, affricated, etc.)
• [ɡ͡ǁ] or [ǁ͡ɡ] voiced velar–alveolar lateral click (may also be breathy voiced, affricated, etc.)
• [ŋ͡ǁ] or [ǁ͡ŋ] nasal velar–alveolar lateral click (may also be voiceless, aspirated, etc.)
• [q͡ǁ] or [ǁ͡q] voiceless uvular–alveolar lateral click
• [ɢ͡ǁ] or [ǁ͡ɢ] voiced uvular–alveolar lateral click (commonly prenasalized)
• [ɴ͡ǁ] or [ǁ͡ɴ] nasal uvular–alveolar lateral click
• [ǁ͡ʔ] glottalized alveolar lateral click

The last is what is heard in the sound sample above, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.

Prior to 1989, [ʖ] was the IPA representation of the voiceless velar–alveolar lateral click.

Features

Features of alveolar lateral clicks:

• The manner of articulation is a noisy, affricate-like release in southern Africa, but abrupt in Hadza and Sandawe in East Africa.

The rear closure may be voiced, nasal, ejective, or affricate, and have any of several phonations.

• The forward place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. The rear place of articulation may be either velar or uvular.
• Lateral clicks may be either oral or nasal, which means air is allowed to escape either through the mouth or the nose.
• They are lateral consonants, which means they are produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the sides of the tongue, rather than the middle of the tongue. Some speakers pronounce them on one side of the mouth, some on both.
• The airstream mechanism is velaric ingressive (AKA lingual ingressive), which means the pocket of air trapped between the two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than by the glottis or the lungs. The release of the forward closure produces the 'click' sound.

Occurrence

Dental lateral clicks

In addition to alveolar articulations, dental lateral clicks are reported from speakers of an Angolan ǃXũũ dialect now residing in Mangetti Dune, Namibia. These include at least voiceless, voiced, and nasal phonations, and are reflexes of the retroflex clicks of Proto-Juu. They are provisionally written with three pipes, <ǀǀǀ>, rather than the two of the alveolar lateral <ǁ>. They are laminal alveolar or dent-alveolar, [ǁ̻], while the clicks transcribed as <ǁ> are apical postalveolar, [ǁ̺].

Contrasting lateral clicks in Mangetti Dune ǃXũũ:

Palatal lateral clicks

Another ǃXũũ dialect has a family of palatal lateral clicks. These are reflexes of the retroflex clicks of Proto-Juu. They are provisionally written ǂǂ, as they have no IPA symbol. These clicks are scheduled to be investigated more fully in 2009.

References

• Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide. University of Chicago Press, 178. 

See also

• List of phonetics topics