1814

From MedBib.com - Medicine & Nature

Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).

Events of 1814

January - March

• January 14 - Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in exchange for west Pomerania, as part of the Treaty of Kiel.
• January 29 - Battle of Brienne: The French army of Emperor Napoleon I wins.
• January 31 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.
• February - George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.
• February 11 - Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.
• February 12 - A fire destroys the Custom House in London.
• February 14 - Napoleon wins the Battle of Vauchamps.
• February 18 - Napoleon wins the Battle of Montereau.
• February 21 - Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814.
• March 7 - Napoleon wins the Battle of Craonne.
• March 9 - the USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina, returning from the Caribbean.
• March 10 - Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.
• March 12 - Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angouleme enters Bordeaux, marking the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty.
• March 27 - War of 1812 - Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.
• March 30 - Napoleonic Wars: Sixth Coalition forces march into Paris.
• March 31 - Anti-Napoleonic troops occupy Paris.

March 9: The schooner Enterprise returns from the Caribbean.

April - June

• April 6 - Emperor Napoleon abdicates; Louis XVIII becomes King of France.
• April 10 - the Duke of Wellington wins the Battle of Toulouse.
• April 12 - The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established.
• May 3 - The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII of France, returns to Paris.
• May 5 - British-American War (War of 1812): The British attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York.
• May 17 - The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.
• May 17 - The occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands.
• May 30 - The First Treaty of Paris is signed returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon I of France is exiled to Elba on the same day.

July - September

• July 5 - War of 1812 - Battle of Chippewa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario.
• July 24 - War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara Falls, Ontario to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
• July 25 - George Stephenson tests his locomotive Blucher successfully.
• July 25 - War of 1812 - Battle of Lundy's Lane : Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 1800 hours; Americans retreat to Fort Erie.
• August 7 - Pope Pius VII decrees the bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum reestablishing the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) all over the world, after having approved their survival and existence in Russia.
• August 12 - In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (even the judge petitioned for reprieve).
• August 13 - The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed.
• August 24 - War of 1812: British troops occupy Washington, DC, setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol.
• August 28 - Alexandria, Virginia offers surrender to the British fleet without a fight.
• September 11 – War of 1812 - Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas MacDonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada.
• September 13 – War of 1812: The British bombard Fort McHenry at Baltimore. The British failure at the Battle of Baltimore is a turning point in the war, and the American defense of the fort inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem later set to music as The Star Spangled Banner.

September 13: Bombardment of Fort McHenry.

October - December

• October - A large vat full of porter (beer) owned by Meux's Brewery bursts, demolishing houses and killing 9 people (8 people drown and one person dies of alcohol poisoning, after attempting to stop the flood by drinking the beer).
• November 7 – War of 1812: Andrew Jackson seizes Pensacola, Florida.
• December 15 – The Hartford Convention is convened by members of the American Federalist Party.
• December 24 – War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, officially ending the war.

Undated

• Missionaries attempt to write down the Maori language.
• George Stephenson designs his first locomotive Blücher.
• Sir Walter Scott writes Waverley.
• Guyana is transferred from the Netherlands to Britain; it is renamed British Guiana.

Ongoing events

• Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Peninsular War/Sixth Coalition
• War of 1812 (1812-1815)
• Norway in 1814

Births

January - June

• January 1 - Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (d. 1864)
• January 27 - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (d. 1879)
• February 18 - Samuel Fenton Cary, American politician and temperance activist (d. 1900)
• March 9 - Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet, nationalist, and founder of the Ukrainian language (d. 1861)
• April 3 - Lorenzo Snow, fifth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1901)
• April 21 - Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, English philanthropist (d. 1906)
• May 12 - Adolf von Henselt, German composer
• May 30 - Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist (d. 1876)

July - December

• July 19 - Samuel Colt, American gun maker (d. 1862)
• August 8 - Esther Morris, American suffragist and judge (d. 1902)
• August 10 - Henri Nestlé, German-born Swiss chocolate magnate (d. 1890)
• August 13 - Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist (d. 1874)
• August 23 - James Roosevelt Bayley, first Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and the eighth Archbishop of Baltimore (d. 1877)
• August 28 - Sheridan le Fanu, Irish writer (d. 1873)
• September 2 - Ernst Curtius, German archaeologist and historian (d. 1896)
• September 8 - Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer and historian (d. 1874)
• September 27 - Daniel Kirkwood, astronomer (d. 1895)
• October 4 - Jean-François Millet, French painter (d. 1875)
• October 7 - Susanna Dickinson, survivor of the Alamo
• October 15 - Mikhail Lermontov, Russian writer (d. 1841)
• November 6 - Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker and inventor (d. 1894)
• November 22 - Serranus Clinton Hastings, American politician (d. 1893)
• date unknown - Táhirih, Persian Bahá'í heroine

Deaths

January - June

• January 27
  • Philip Astley, English circus promoter (b. 1742)
  • Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (b. 1762)
• March 28 - Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, French inventor (b. 1738)
• April 1 - Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (b. 1726)
• April 12 - Charles Burney, English music historian (b. 1726)
• May 29 - Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of France (b. 1763)

July - December

• July 12 - William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, British general
• July 19 - Captain Matthew Flinders, English explorer of the coasts of Australia (b. 1774)
• August 21
  • Antonio Carnicero, Spanish painter (b. 1748)
  • Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (b. 1753)
• August 31 - Arthur Phillip, British admiral and first governor of New South Wales (b. 1738)
• September 8 - Marie Caroline of Austria, queen of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, and de facto ruler (b. 1752)
• October 19 - Mercy Otis Warren, American playwright (b. 1728)
• November 23 - Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United States of America (b. 1744)
• December 2 - Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, French writer (b. 1740)
• December 13 - Charles Joseph, Prince de Ligne, Austrian field marshal (b. 1735)
• December 19 - Joseph Bramah, inventor of the hydraulic press (b. 1748)

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1814